Morphometric Analysis of Human Fetus and Fetal Pancreas in Different Gestational Age Groups

Introduction: Fetal biometric parameters are very often utilized for calculating gestational age. The pancreas is a gland with dual functions in our body – exocrine and endocrine, with the latter component being very often discussed in the context of diabetes mellitus. Through evaluation of variations in morphometry in relation to different gestational ages, the research intends to draw attention to various associated developmental correlations that were not mentioned in previous studies. MaterialsandMethods: The current research was carried out on 30 fetuses after obtaining due approval from Institute’s Ethical Committee. Fetuses were divided into different gestational age groups and morphometric parameters such as crown‑rump length, crown heel length, head circumference, abdomen circumference, chest circumference, hand length, and Foot Length (FL) were noted by measuring with nylon thread in centimetres. Fetal pancreases were removed after stepwise dissection and pancreatic weight along with length and thickness was measured by Vernier calipers. All the parameters were then compared within different gestational age groups. Results: All the parameters and the age group of fetuses were positively correlated and showed statistical significance.Conclusion: The study would add substantial knowledge in the areas of pancreatic regeneration, surgical pancreatectomy, and treatment protocols for diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer. Through evaluation of variations in morphometry in relation to different gestational ages, the research intends to draw attention to various associated developmental correlations

Glycated Haemoglobin : It抯 Diagnostic and Prognostic Efficacy in Various Clinical Scenarios

Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) gives a measure of long term Glycemic control. However, how the values of HbA1c affects the outcome in various comorbidities and its effect on the short term and long term outcome of these comorbidities remains a matter of Grey Zone. Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Kidney Disease, Anemia, Chronic Liver Disease etc, can alter the interpretation of HbA1C level, where it may not reflect the appropriate Glycemic control. Hence this review is done to look for the evidence and appropriateness of HbA1c as Diagnostic and Prognostic marker for Glycemic control in various clinical scenario.

Role of Kisspeptin in Puberty in Humans

Kisspeptin or GPR-54 is a product of KISS 1 gene regulating the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing (LH) as well follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Both LH and FSH are important hormones for reproduction in animals as well in humans. The recognition of Kisspeptin has a landmark bearing in reproductive biology. Few recent pilot studies have convincingly proven it to be a promising molecule in treating infertile couples especially those having hypogonadotropic hypogonadism not responding to conventional treatment

Bariatric Surgery in Adults: Patient Workup and Preparation

With the advancement and industrialization of our society, the prevalence of metabolic disease is also increasing. Among the risk factors for metabolic syndrome and many other non-communicable diseases, obesity is the single most important one. Although life style and pharmacological therapies are the part of initial intervention, however once the overt obesity related complication appears, bariatric surgery becomes the only curative intervention. Various modalities surgeries have come into place in recent times. However preparing a patient physically and mentally needs a thorough pre-operative preparation. Here in this review, we are exploring the approach to patient with morbid obesity and work up for bariatric surgery from a physician’s point of view.

Differential diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma by circulating microRNA

Introduction: More than 70% of lung cancer comprises nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma and is associated with poor survival outcome owing to late diagnosis. Identification of lung cancer in early stages when no clinical signs or symptoms are evident, can drastically improve the prognosis. To this end, we aimed to evaluate the changes occurring at tissue level by assessing the expression of six microRNAs (miRNAs) in lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood of histopathologically proven cases of lung AC and SCC was collected and processed for the isolation of miRNAs using commercially available kit. Primers against mir-2114, mir-2115, mir-2116, mir-2117, mir-449c, and mir-548q with loading control Caenorhabditis elegans were used. Screening was carried out in thirty cases of both AC and SCC, whereas twenty healthy controls were included. Results:Real-time polymerase chain reaction data revealed that the expression of mir-2114 and mir-449c in AC and mir-2115 in SCC was significantly upregulated. The expression of these miRNAs was also confirmed in lung AC cell line. The differential pattern of expression of these miRNAs can be used for precise diagnosis of lung carcinoma Conclusions: We have used a noninvasive technique to identify the subtype of lung cancer based on molecular genetic signatures. The results suggest that through molecular profiling of miRNA, we can screen high-risk cases for cancer interception

Epidemiological Correlates and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with MDR Tuberculosis in Northern India

Introduction: Multi drug resistant-TB (MDR-TB) threatens global TB control and is a major public health concern in several countries. The present study was undertaken to detect the epidemiological correlates and treatment outcomes among patients with MDR-TB previously or currently admitted in Department of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, KGMU, Lucknow. Material & Methods: This retrospective study included 2370 TB patients admitted in the Department of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, KGMU, Lucknow between years 2012 to 2015. Treatment outcomes were observed. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: The total number of MDR-TB cases enrolled were 2370. There were 772 (32.6%) males (95% CI: 30.7 % -34.5%) and 1598 (67.4%) females (95% CI: 65.5% -69.3%) registered for MDR-TB treatment. The treatment outcomes were as follows: majority (77.1%) were under treatment, 279 (11.8%) patients were declared cured, 10 (0.4%) were failure cases, while 64 (2.7%) were defaulters, 149 (6.3%) had died and 41(1.7%) were transferred out. Conclusion: Emergence of MDR-TB has the potential to be a serious public health problem in Northern India and this necessitates strengthening of TB control and improved continuous monitoring of therapy.

Myelomatous Effusion in Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a systemic disease characterized by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. The clinical manifestations of the disease are due to tumour cell infiltration and monoclonal immunoglobulins and / or light chains secreted by the neoplastic cells. Effusions may develop in cases of multiple myeloma due to various causes but myelomatous effusion is uncommon. Moreover, multiple myeloma presenting as bilateral pleural effusion is exceptional and a case of multiple myeloma presenting with bilateral pleural effusion and anaemia is reported.

Apolipoprotein modifying effects of statins and fibrate in various age groups of coronary artery disease patients.

These days apolipoproteins especially apo B and apo A I are thought to be better predictors of risk of coronary artery disease as compared to lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol. Lifestyle modification and use of lipid modifying drugs such as statins and fibrates have proven effective in reducing the risk of coronary artery disease. Statins and fibrates are known to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties in addition to lipid modifying effects. Extensive data is available regarding lipid modification especially lowering of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels by these drugs. But the data regarding the effect of statins and fibrates, on apolipoprotein levels is scanty. Hence the present study was aimed at assessing the effect of statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin) and fenofibrate on serum apo B and apo A I levels in addition to their lipid modifying effects in various age groups of coronary artery disease patients. One hundred patients suffering from coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to 10 mg atorvastatin, 10 mg simvastatin and 200 mg fenofibrate, separately (without any combination). All the patients were divided into three age groups; group I (35-45 years), group II (46-55 years) and group III (> 55 years). Significant modification was observed in lipid and lipoprotein profile of coronary artery disease patients when treated with these drugs (statins and fibrates). A significant increase in serum apo A I (p < 0.01) and decline in serum apo B levels (p < 0.01) was observed in case of coronary artery disease patients after 16 weeks treatment, though the effect started after 1 month. All the three drugs reduced serum apo B levels in a comparable manner. Fenofibrate increased serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apo A I levels more as compared to statins. It had nearly, proportionate effect in increasing high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apo A I levels and reducing serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apo B levels while the effect was disproportionate in case of atorvastatin and simvastatin. All the three drugs not only corrected lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels but also modified, apolipoprotein levels in a positive direction in coronary artery disease patients. Advancing age had no appreciable effect on the efficacy of these drugs.

Primary chondrosarcoma of the breast.

Mammary sarcomas are uncommon tumours. Of these, pure chondrosarcoma without any other area of epithelial or mesenchymal differentiation feature is even rarer. This excludes tumours like malignant cystosarcoma phylloides and metaplastic carcinoma where malignant cartilaginous areas may be present. Further, primary chondrosarcoma arises from breast stroma and not from underlying bone or cartilage. Here is this case, a 46-year-old female was presented with a huge lump in her left breast. FNAC reported it to be a case of infiltrating duct carcinoma. Microscopically a well differentiated chondrosarcoma was identified. The case is presented because of its rarity.